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Earnest Elmo Calkins (March 15, 1868 – October 4, 1964)〔 was a deaf American advertising executive who pioneered the use of art in advertising, of fictional characters, the soft sell, and the idea of "consumer engineering". He co-founded the influential Calkins and Holden advertising agency. He has been called the "Dean of Advertising Men". His work was recognized with many awards during his lifetime and was called the "Dean of Advertising Men" and "arguably the single most important figure in early twentieth century graphic design." ==Early and family life== Earnest Calkins was born to Mary Manville and William Clinton Calkins in Geneseo, Illinois.〔〔〔〔 They moved soon after a few miles south to Galesburg, where his father became the city attorney for a short while. At age 6, a bout of measles left him “almost completely deaf”, although it was not recognized until he was 10. His teachers told him he could hear if he paid more attention.〔 By age 14 he was fully deaf. His mother was a Baptist who forbade him to read fiction, even ''Arabian Nights'' and Jules Verne, but he read widely on a variety of subjects, devouring books with enthusiasm.〔 He was exposed to printing at an early age, and was determined to become a printer himself. After high school, his father secured him a position in a local printshop as a Printer's devil, and he worked 12 hours day for six months for no pay. When he finished his chores, he was allowed to set type for the patent medicine readers.〔 He attended Knox College and established a mediocre academic record, unable to hear almost anything in his classes. He did well at writing however, and in his senior year was elected editor-in-chief of the college newspaper, ''Coup d'État''. He was then made editor of the college news published in the local paper every Thursday. He learned to master lip reading, although he said he got more from reading than from the classes. He barely graduated in 1891, after the faculty failed him in Geology, but the Trustees overruled them and allowed him to graduate.〔 Calkins married Angie C. Higgins (1863–1950) in 1904. They had no children.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://library.knox.edu/sca/manuscripts/calkins_terry.html )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Earnest Elmo Calkins」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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